Medical Cannabis for Pain Relief - Research BibliographyCataloging some of the research that shows marijuana is an effective medicine
Here are some selected references on medical marijuana. Prohibitionists often say they will support medical cannabis when there are clinical trials that show that cannabis is safe and effective medicine. There have actually been thousands of research studies in scientific journals worldwide that prove that cannabis is an effective medicine for a wide range of illnesses. In recent years as well as the human anecdotal and case studies, the animal studies and the petri dish studies there HAVE been proper controlled, double blind clinical trials - conducted in the UK, the Netherlands and Canada.
Recommended sources of studies include:
PAIN RELIEF
Bridges D, Ahmad K, Rice AS. The synthetic cannabinoid WIN55,212-2 attenuates hyperalgesia and allodynia in a rat model of neuropathic pain. Br J Pharmacol 2001; 133:586-94.
Calignano A, La Rana G, Giuffrida A, Piomelli D. Control of pain initiation by endogenous cannabinoids. Nature 1998; 394:277-81
Campbell FA, Tramer MR, Carroll D, Reynolds DJ, Moore RA, McQuay HJ. Are cannabinoids an effective and safe treatment option in the management of pain? A qualitative systematic review. BMJ 2001; 323:13-6
Chatterjee A, Almahrezi A, Ware M, Fitzcharles MA. A dramatic response to inhaled cannabis in a woman with central thalamic pain and dystonia. J Pain Symptom Managem 2002; 24:4-6.
Cichewicz DL, Martin ZL, Smith FL, Welch SP. Enhancement of µ opioid antinociception by oral delta9- tetrahydrocannabinol: dose-response analysis and receptor identification. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 1999; 289:859-67
Curatolo M, Bogduk N. Pharmacological pain treatment of musculoskeletal disorders: current perspectives and future prospects. Clin J Pain 17 (1) 25-32, 2001.
El-Mallack RS. Marijuana and migraine. Headache 1987; 27(8):442-3.
Elsner F, Radbruch L, Sabatowski R. Tetrahydrocannabinol for treatment of chronic pain [German] Schmerz. 2001 Jun;15(3):200-4.
Fox A, Kesingland A, Gentry C, McNair K, Patel S, Urban L, James I. The role of central and peripheral Cannabinoid1 receptors in the antihyperalgesic activity of cannabinoids in a model of neuropathic pain. Pain 2001; 92:91-100.
Gieringer D. Medical use of cannabis: Experience in California. In: Cannabis and cannabinoids: Pharmacology, toxicology and therapeutic potential, edited by F. Grotenhermen and E.B. Russo. Binghamton, NY: The Haworth Press, Inc.(2002).
Grinspoon L, Bakalar, JB. Marihuana, the forbidden medicine. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1997.
GW Pharmaceuticals Relief of pain trials (http://www.gwpharm.com/research_phase_iii.asp).
Herzberg U, Eliav E, Bennett GJ, Kopin IJ. The analgesic effects of R(+)-WIN 55,212-2 mesylate, a high affinity cannabinoid agonist, in a rat of neuropathic pain. Neurosci Lett 1997; 221:157-60.
Hohmann AG, Martin WJ, Tsou K, Walker JM. Inhibition of noxious stimulus-evoked activity of spinal cord dorsal horn neurons by the cannabinoid Win 55.212-2.Life Sc. 1995; 56:2111-18
Holdcroft A, Smith M, Jacklin A et al. Relief with oral cannabinoids in familial mediterranean fever. Anaesthesia 52, 483-6, 1997.
House of Lords. Cannabis: the scientific and medical evidence. Ninth report from the Select Committee on Science and Technology. London: The Stationery Office, 1998. (http://www.parliament.the-stationery-office.co.uk/pa/ld199798/ldselect/ldsctech/151/15101.htm
Jansen EM, Haycock DA, Ward SJ, Seybold VS. Distribuition of cannabinoid receptors in rat brain determined with aminoalkylindoles, Brain Res.575 (1992): 93-102
Ko MC, Woods JH. Local administration of D9-tetrahydrocannabinol attenuates capsaicin induced thermal nociception in Rhesus monkeys: a peripheral cannabinoid action. Psychopharmacology 143(1999):322-6
Lichtman AH, Cook SA, Martin BR. Investigation of brain sites mediating cannabinoid-induced antinociception in rats: Evidences supporting periaqueductal gray involvement. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1996;276(2):585-593.
Mason DJ Jr, Lowe J, Welch SP. Cannabinoid modulation of dynorphin A: correlation to cannabinoid-induced antinociception. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 1999; 378:237-48
Mazzari S et al. N-(2-Hydroxyethil)hexadecanamide reduces mechanical hyperalgesia following sciatic nerve constriction injury. Soc. Neurosci Abstr.21: 652,1995.
Meng ID, Manning BH, Martin WJ, Fields HL. An analgesia circuit activated by cannabinoids. Nature 1998; 395:381-3.
Mikuriya TH. Chronic migraine headache: Five cases successfully treated with Marinol and/or illicit cannabis, 1997 (Su: http://www.druglibrary.org/schaffer/hemp/migrn1.htm).
Neeleman PMP. Effects of delta9 - tetrahydrocannabinol and other cannabinoids on pain. E.S.A. Annual Meeting Vienna (2000): 139-42
Notcutt W et al. Medicinal cannabis extract in chronic pain: design of a comparative "n of 1" primary study. IRCS annual symposium on the cannabinoids, Abstract, 2002.
Noyes R, Brunk SF, Avery DA, Canter AC. The analgesic properties of D9- tetrahydrocannabinol and codeine. Clin. Phar. Ther. 1975; 18:84-9
O'Shaughnessy WB. On the preparations of the hemp, or gunjah (Cannabis indica): the effects on the animal system in health. Trans. of the Med. and Phys. Society of Bengal (1838-40):421-61
Petro D. Spasticity and chronic pain. In Mathre ML, ed. Cannabis in medical practice. Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 1997.
Richardson JD et al. Hypoactivity of the spinal cannabinoid system results in NMDA-dependent hyperalgesia.Neuroscience 18 (1998): 451-7
Royal Pharmaceutical Society's Relief of Pain Trial (http://www.rpsgb.org.uk/science/cann.htm#rel).
Russo EB. Cannabis for migraine treatment: the once and future prescription? An historical and scientific review. Pain 1998:76(1-2):3-8.
Russo EB. Hemp for headache. An in-depth historical and scientific review. Journal of cannabis therapeutics, 2001;1(2):21- 92.
Schnelle M, Grotenhermen F, Reif M, Gorter RW. Results of a standardized survey on the medical use of cannabis products in the German-speaking area. Forschende Komplementarmedizin 1999;(Suppl 3):28.36.
Shen M, Thayer SA. Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol acts as a partial agonist to modulate glutamergic synaptic transmission between rat hippocampal neurons in culture. Mol Pharmacol 1999;55(1):8-13.
Stefano GB, Salzet B, Rialas CM et al. Morphine- and anandamide-stimulated nitric oxide production inhibits presynaptic dopamine release. Brain Res 1997;763:63-8.
Volfe Z, Dvilansky A, Nathan I.Cannabinoids block release of serotonin from platelets induced by plasma from migraine patients. International Journal of Clinical Pharmacology Research 1985; 5:243-6.
Walker JM, Huang SM, Strangman NM, Tsou K, Sanudo-Pena MC. Pain modulation by release of the endogenous cannabinoid anandamide Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 96 (1999): 12198-203
Ware MA, Doyle CR, Woods R, Lynch ME, Clark AJ. Cannabis use for chronic non-cancer pain: results of a prospective survey. Pain. 2003 Mar;102(1-2):211-6.
Ware MA, Gamsa A, Persson J, Fitzcharles MA. Cannabis for chronic pain: case series and implications for clinicians. Pain Res Manag 7(2)95-9,2002.
Wade DT, Robson P, House H, Makela P, Aram J. A preliminary controlled study to determine whether whole-plant cannabis extracts can improve intractable neurogenic symptoms. Clin Rehabil. 2003 Feb;17(1):21-9
Zeltser R, Seltzer Z, Eisen A, Feigenbaum JJ, Mechoulam R. Suppression of neuropathic pain behaviour in rats by a non- psychotropic synthetic cannabinoid with NMDA receptor-blocking properties. Pain 1991; 47:95-103.
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